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260 Glossary
GUID Globally unique identifier. A hexadecimal string that uniquely identifies a user
account, group account, or computer list. Also used to provide user and group identity
for access control list (ACL) permissions, and to associate particular users with group
and nested group memberships. GUIDs are 128-bit values, which makes the generation
of duplicate GUIDs extremely unlikely.
home directory See home folder.
home folder A folder for a user’s personal use. Mac OS X also uses the home folder to
store system preferences and managed user settings for Mac OS X users. Also known as
a home directory.
HTML Hypertext Markup Language. The set of symbols or codes inserted in a file to be
displayed on a web browser page. The markup tells the web browser how to display a
webpage’s words and images for the user.
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The client/server protocol for the World Wide Web.
HTTP provides a way for a web browser to access a web server and request hypermedia
documents created using HTML.
idle user A user who is connected to a server but hasn’t used the server volume for a
period of time.
IP Internet Protocol. Also known as IPv4. A method used with Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) to send data between computers over a local network or the Internet. IP
delivers data packets and TCP keeps track of data packets.
IP address A unique numeric address that identifies a computer on the Internet.
IP subnet A portion of an IP network, which may be a physically independent network
segment, that shares a network address with other portions of the network and is
identified by a subnet number.
ISP Internet service provider. A business that sells Internet access and often provides
web hosting for e-commerce applications as well as mail services.
Kerberos A secure network authentication system. Kerberos uses tickets, which are
issued for a specific user, service, and period of time. After a user is authenticated, it’s
possible to access additional services without retyping a password (called single sign-
on) for services that have been configured to take Kerberos tickets. Mac OS X Server
uses Kerberos v5.
LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. A standard client-server protocol for
accessing a directory domain.
load balancing The process of distributing client computers’ requests for network
services across multiple servers to optimize performance.