SP-A-L-U
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General Limitations
Immunohistochemistry is a multistep diagnostic process that consists of specialized training in the selection of the appropriate reagents;
tissue selection, xation, and processing; preparation of the IHC slide; and interpretation of the staining results.
Tissue staining is dependent on the handling and processing of the tissue prior to staining. Improper xation, freezing, thawing, washing,
drying, heating, sectioning or contamination with other tissues or uids may produce artifacts, antibody trapping, or false negative
results. Inconsistent results may be due to variations in xation and embedding methods, or to inherent irregularities within the tissue.
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Excessive or incomplete counterstaining may compromise proper interpretation of results.
The clinical interpretation of any staining or its absence should be complemented by morphological studies using proper controls and
should be evaluated within the context of the patient’s clinical history and other diagnostic tests by a qualied pathologist.
Antibodies from Leica Biosystems Newcastle Ltd are for use, as indicated, on either frozen or parafn-embedded sections with specic
xation requirements. Unexpected antigen expression may occur, especially in neoplasms. The clinical interpretation of any stained
tissue section must include morphological analysis and the evaluation of appropriate controls.
Performance Characteristics
The performance of NCL-L-SP-A has been validated on a range of normal and abnormal tissues. See Results Expected.
Bibliography - General
1. Nakane PK and Pierce GB. Enzyme labeled antibodies : Preparations and applications for the localization of antigens. Journal of
Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 1967; 14:929–931.
2. Tsutsumi Y, Serizawa A and Kawai K. Enhanced polymer one-step staining (EPOS) for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67
antigen-applications to intraoperative frozen diagnosis. Pathology International. 1995; 45(2):108–115.
3. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Protection of laboratory workers from infectious diseases transmitted
by blood and tissue; proposed guideline. Villanova, P.A. 1991; 7(9). Order code M29-P.
4. Battifora H. Diagnostic uses of antibodies to keratins: a review and immunohistochemical comparison of seven monoclonal and
three polyclonal antibodies. Progress in Surgical Pathology. 6:1–15. eds. Fenoglio-Preiser C, Wolff CM, Rilke F. Field & Wood, Inc.,
Philadelphia.
5. Nadji M, Morales AR. Immunoperoxidase, part I: the techniques and pitfalls. Laboratory Medicine. 1983; 14:767.
6. Omata M, Liew CT, Ashcavai M, Peters RL. Nonimmunologic binding of horseradish peroxidase to hepatitis B surface antigen: a
possible source of error in immunohistochemistry. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1980; 73:626.
7. Sorensen GL, Husby S and Holmskov U. Surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D variation in pulmonary disease.
Immunobiology 2007; 212:381-416.
8. Sano H and Kuroki Y. The lung collectins, SP-A and SP-D, modulate pulmonary innate immunity. Molecular Immunology 2005;
42:279-287.
Amendments to Previous Issue
Not applicable.
Date of Issue
18 June 2014